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  6. Tubulin beta-2A chain

Tclin Tubulin beta-2A chain

Tubulin is the major constituent of microtubules. It binds two moles of GTP, one at an exchangeable site on the beta chain and one at a non-exchangeable site on the alpha chain (By similarity).

Microtubules, key participants in processes such as mitosis and intracellular transport, are composed of heterodimers of alpha- and beta-tubulins. The protein encoded by this gene is a beta-tubulin. Defects in this gene are associated with complex cortical dysplasia with other brain malformations-5. Two transcript variants encoding distinct isoforms have been found for this gene. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2015]

 Comments

Property Summary

NCBI Gene PubMed Count 78
PubMed Score 36.07
PubTator Score 20.95

Knowledge Summary

Patent

No data available

TINX Plot

  Disease (4)

Expression

  Differential Expression (25)

Disease log2 FC p
gastric cancer -1.300 9.0e-03
hepatocellular carcinoma -2.100 2.0e-06
pancreatic cancer -1.900 6.6e-03
astrocytic glioma -1.900 7.9e-03
ependymoma -1.500 3.6e-02
oligodendroglioma -1.400 3.4e-02
psoriasis 1.600 9.6e-04
atypical teratoid / rhabdoid tumor -1.600 1.1e-02
medulloblastoma, large-cell -1.800 3.7e-05
Duchenne muscular dystrophy 2.219 1.1e-07
autosomal dominant Emery-Dreifuss muscul... 1.834 6.2e-03
Becker muscular dystrophy 1.731 9.6e-03
fascioscapulohumeral muscular dystrophy 1.407 4.7e-04
juvenile dermatomyositis 2.093 9.8e-11
limb girdle muscular dystrophy 2B 1.523 2.4e-03
Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis 1.300 7.2e-04
acute quadriplegic myopathy 1.219 8.5e-03
active ulcerative colitis 2.220 4.7e-02
interstitial cystitis 1.200 1.9e-03
pilocytic astrocytoma -1.100 8.4e-07
pancreatic carcinoma -1.900 6.6e-03
nasopharyngeal carcinoma -1.700 3.5e-03
Pick disease -1.300 1.2e-02
ovarian cancer 3.600 4.9e-05
dermatomyositis 2.000 1.6e-03

Synonym

Accession Q13885 Q6FGZ8 Q8IWR2
Symbols TUBB
TUBB2
CDCBM5

Gene

TUBB2A

PANTHER Protein Class (3)

  Ortholog (1)

Species Source Disease
Chimp OMA EggNOG

 UniProt Keyword (15)

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 GO Function (3)

 GO Component (5)

 GO Process (1)

 Compartment GO Term (30)

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 HCA RNA Cell Line (56)

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Pathway (17)

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Protein-protein Interaction (17)

TUBAL3   TUBA3C   TBCE   TUBA3E   TBCD   TUBB6   TUBA4B   TUBB   TUBB3   EML4   CCT6B   CCT6A   CCT2   TTC5   EML2   ARL2   GFER  

Drug (11)

No structure for trastuzumab emtansine

trastuzumab emtansine

Structure of docetaxel

docetaxel
ID50 6.70

Structure of paclitaxel

paclitaxel

No structure for brentuximab vedotin

brentuximab vedotin

Structure of eribulin

eribulin
pIC50 8.23

Structure of vinblastine

vinblastine
pIC50 9.00

Structure of vinorelbine

vinorelbine

Structure of vincristine

vincristine

Structure of ixabepilone

ixabepilone

Structure of vinflunine

vinflunine

Structure of cabazitaxel

cabazitaxel

Ligand (1)

Structure of CHEMBL388978

CHEMBL388978
pIC50 6.61

Gene RIF (20)

PMID Text
24702957 study associates mutations in TUBB2A with the spectrum of "tubulinopathy" phenotypes
23826228 HIV-1 Tat K29A, K50R, and K51R lysine mutations downregulate the proportion of soluble tubulin in cells, while the majority of other lysine mutations upregulate the percentage of soluble tubulin compared with the wild-type
22718863 This is the first study showing that paclitaxel neuropathy risk is influenced by polymorphisms regulating the expression of a beta-tubulin gene.
22449234 Class II beta-tubulin may be very useful for immunohistochemical diagnosis of classical Hodgkin's lymphoma.
22360420 A protein encoded by this locus was found to be differentially expressed in postmortem brains from patients with atypical frontotemporal lobar degeneration.
22180309 Data suggest that the increased betaII- and betaIII-tubulin contributed significantly to the resistance phenotype.
22174317 HIV-1 Tat K29A, K50R, and K51R lysine mutations downregulate the proportion of soluble tubulin in cells, while the majority of other lysine mutations upregulate the percentage of soluble tubulin compared with the wild-type
20381070 This protein has been found differentially expressed in the anterior cingulate cortex from patients with schizophrenia
19454010 HIV-1 Tat K29A, K50R, and K51R lysine mutations downregulate the proportion of soluble tubulin in cells, while the majority of other lysine mutations upregulate the percentage of soluble tubulin compared with the wild-type
17360745 HIV-1 Tat K29A, K50R, and K51R lysine mutations downregulate the proportion of soluble tubulin in cells, while the majority of other lysine mutations upregulate the percentage of soluble tubulin compared with the wild-type
16526095 HIV-1 Tat K29A, K50R, and K51R lysine mutations downregulate the proportion of soluble tubulin in cells, while the majority of other lysine mutations upregulate the percentage of soluble tubulin compared with the wild-type
15698476 HIV-1 Tat K29A, K50R, and K51R lysine mutations downregulate the proportion of soluble tubulin in cells, while the majority of other lysine mutations upregulate the percentage of soluble tubulin compared with the wild-type
15691386 HIV-1 Tat K29A, K50R, and K51R lysine mutations downregulate the proportion of soluble tubulin in cells, while the majority of other lysine mutations upregulate the percentage of soluble tubulin compared with the wild-type
15548702 nuclear beta(II)-tubulin can modulate Notch signaling through interaction with notch1 receptor intracellular domain in cancer cells
15331610 HIV-1 Tat K29A, K50R, and K51R lysine mutations downregulate the proportion of soluble tubulin in cells, while the majority of other lysine mutations upregulate the percentage of soluble tubulin compared with the wild-type
12861402 Mutations of the beta-tubulin gene, which might be a contraindication for chemotherapy based on taxans, were very rare events in gastric cancer.
12486001 HIV-1 Tat K29A, K50R, and K51R lysine mutations downregulate the proportion of soluble tubulin in cells, while the majority of other lysine mutations upregulate the percentage of soluble tubulin compared with the wild-type
12209967 lack of mutations in early stage lung cancer
12064592 Data show that connexin 43 (cx43) binds alpha-tubulin equally well as beta-tubulin, and that ZO-1 binds directly to Cx43.
10908577 HIV-1 Tat K29A, K50R, and K51R lysine mutations downregulate the proportion of soluble tubulin in cells, while the majority of other lysine mutations upregulate the percentage of soluble tubulin compared with the wild-type

AA Sequence 

MREIVHIQAGQCGNQIGAKFWEVISDEHGIDPTGSYHGDSDLQLERINVYYNEAAGNKYVPRAILVDLEP      1 - 70
GTMDSVRSGPFGQIFRPDNFVFGQSGAGNNWAKGHYTEGAELVDSVLDVVRKESESCDCLQGFQLTHSLG     71 - 140
GGTGSGMGTLLISKIREEYPDRIMNTFSVMPSPKVSDTVVEPYNATLSVHQLVENTDETYSIDNEALYDI    141 - 210
CFRTLKLTTPTYGDLNHLVSATMSGVTTCLRFPGQLNADLRKLAVNMVPFPRLHFFMPGFAPLTSRGSQQ    211 - 280
YRALTVPELTQQMFDSKNMMAACDPRHGRYLTVAAIFRGRMSMKEVDEQMLNVQNKNSSYFVEWIPNNVK    281 - 350
TAVCDIPPRGLKMSATFIGNSTAIQELFKRISEQFTAMFRRKAFLHWYTGEGMDEMEFTEAESNMNDLVS    351 - 420
EYQQYQDATADEQGEFEEEEGEDEA                                                 421 - 445
//

Text Mined References (84)

PMID Year Title
26875866 2016 Graded Control of Microtubule Severing by Tubulin Glutamylation.
24769233 2014 Proteomic analysis of cerebrospinal fluid extracellular vesicles: a comprehensive dataset.
24702957 2014 De novo mutations in the beta-tubulin gene TUBB2A cause simplified gyral patterning and infantile-onset epilepsy.
22718863 2012 Regulatory polymorphisms in ?-tubulin IIa are associated with paclitaxel-induced peripheral neuropathy.
22449234 2012 Expression of ?-tubulin isotypes in classical Hodgkin's lymphoma.
22360420 2012 Proteomic analysis identifies dysfunction in cellular transport, energy, and protein metabolism in different brain regions of atypical frontotemporal lobar degeneration.
22180309 2012 ?II-tubulin and ?III-tubulin mediate sensitivity to peloruside A and laulimalide, but not paclitaxel or vinblastine, in human ovarian carcinoma cells.
21630459 2011 Proteomic characterization of the human sperm nucleus.
21525035 2011 PEX14 is required for microtubule-based peroxisome motility in human cells.
21269460 2011 Initial characterization of the human central proteome.
21044950 2011 Genome-wide YFP fluorescence complementation screen identifies new regulators for telomere signaling in human cells.
20381070 2010 Sex-specific proteome differences in the anterior cingulate cortex of schizophrenia.
20191564 2010 Tumoral and tissue-specific expression of the major human beta-tubulin isotypes.
19524510 2009 Evolutionary divergence of enzymatic mechanisms for posttranslational polyglycylation.
19131338 2009 Identification and characterization of a novel nuclear protein complex involved in nuclear hormone receptor-mediated gene regulation.
19056867 2009 Large-scale proteomics and phosphoproteomics of urinary exosomes.
18029348 2008 Toward a confocal subcellular atlas of the human proteome.
17373842 2007 HDM2-binding partners: interaction with translation elongation factor EF1alpha.
16959974 2006 The consensus coding sequences of human breast and colorectal cancers.
16371510 2006 Microtubule regulation in mitosis: tubulin phosphorylation by the cyclin-dependent kinase Cdk1.
15548702 2004 Nuclear betaII-tubulin associates with the activated notch receptor to modulate notch signaling.
15489334 2004 The status, quality, and expansion of the NIH full-length cDNA project: the Mammalian Gene Collection (MGC).
15331635 2004 Novel small GTPase subfamily capable of associating with tubulin is required for chromosome segregation.
15324660 2004 Proteomic, functional, and domain-based analysis of in vivo 14-3-3 binding proteins involved in cytoskeletal regulation and cellular organization.
15304323 2004 TTK kinase is essential for the centrosomal localization of TACC2.
15188402 2004 Proteins associated with type II bone morphogenetic protein receptor (BMPR-II) and identified by two-dimensional gel electrophoresis and mass spectrometry.
15121898 2004 The composition of Staufen-containing RNA granules from human cells indicates their role in the regulated transport and translation of messenger RNAs.
15082789 2004 Human enhancer of invasion-cluster, a coiled-coil protein required for passage through mitosis.
14760703 2004 Proteomic identification of brain proteins that interact with dynein light chain LC8.
14634002 2004 Selective contribution of eukaryotic prefoldin subunits to actin and tubulin binding.
14603253 2003 Control of microtubule stability by the RASSF1A tumor suppressor.
14594945 2004 MARK4 is a novel microtubule-associated proteins/microtubule affinity-regulating kinase that binds to the cellular microtubule network and to centrosomes.
14583623 2004 Human fibrillarin forms a sub-complex with splicing factor 2-associated p32, protein arginine methyltransferases, and tubulins alpha 3 and beta 1 that is independent of its association with preribosomal ribonucleoprotein complexes.
14574404 2003 The DNA sequence and analysis of human chromosome 6.
12966166 2003 Synaptotagmin IX, a possible linker between the perinuclear endocytic recycling compartment and the microtubules.
12963728 2003 Identification of new subunits of the multiprotein mammalian TRRAP/TIP60-containing histone acetyltransferase complex.
12884273 2003 Farnesyl pyrophosphate promotes and is essential for the binding of RACK1 with beta-tubulin.
12872123 2003 Mutations in INVS encoding inversin cause nephronophthisis type 2, linking renal cystic disease to the function of primary cilia and left-right axis determination.
12861402 2003 Absence of beta-tubulin gene mutation in gastric carcinoma.
12855424 2003 Phenotypic consequences of beta1-tubulin expression and MAP4 decoration of microtubules in adult cardiocytes.
12840015 2003 Nuclear coactivator-62 kDa/Ski-interacting protein is a nuclear matrix-associated coactivator that may couple vitamin D receptor-mediated transcription and RNA splicing.
12716939 2003 Parkin binds to alpha/beta tubulin and increases their ubiquitination and degradation.
12639963 2003 The prostate-derived sterile 20-like kinase (PSK) regulates microtubule organization and stability.
12639940 2003 Rab8B GTPase and junction dynamics in the testis.
12486001 2002 HIV-1 Tat targets microtubules to induce apoptosis, a process promoted by the pro-apoptotic Bcl-2 relative Bim.
12482968 2003 Activating signal cointegrator 2 belongs to a novel steady-state complex that contains a subset of trithorax group proteins.
12477932 2002 Generation and initial analysis of more than 15,000 full-length human and mouse cDNA sequences.
12353262 2002 Subcellular localization of the BRCA1 gene product in mitotic cells.
12214803 2002 Microtubules and parental genome organisation during abnormal fertilisation in humans.
12211114 2002 Characterization of nuclear betaII-tubulin in tumor cells: a possible novel target for taxol.
12209967 2002 Lack of beta-tubulin gene mutations in early stage lung cancer.
12134159 2002 CRMP-2 binds to tubulin heterodimers to promote microtubule assembly.
12064592 2001 Connexin-43 interactions with ZO-1 and alpha- and beta-tubulin.
12052837 2002 Structural requirements for the recruitment of Gaa1 into a functional glycosylphosphatidylinositol transamidase complex.
11964161 2002 Identification of Ca2+-dependent binding partners for the neuronal calcium sensor protein neurocalcin delta: interaction with actin, clathrin and tubulin.
11870213 2002 Perinuclear localization of huntingtin as a consequence of its binding to microtubules through an interaction with beta-tubulin: relevance to Huntington's disease.
11749959 2001 A pool of beta-tubulin is hyperphosphorylated at serine residues in Alzheimer disease brain.
11532003 2001 Cytosolic chaperonin-containing t-complex polypeptide 1 changes the content of a particular subunit species concomitant with substrate binding and folding activities during the cell cycle.
11278895 2001 Differential binding regulation of microtubule-associated proteins MAP1A, MAP1B, and MAP2 by tubulin polyglutamylation.
11120798 2000 HLA-B2702 (77-83/83-77) peptide binds to beta-tubulin on human NK cells and blocks their cytotoxic capacity.
10908577 2000 HIV-1 rev depolymerizes microtubules to form stable bilayered rings.
10722852 2000 Tubulin folding cofactor D is a microtubule destabilizing protein.
10191277 1999 Association of polo-like kinase with alpha-, beta- and gamma-tubulins in a stable complex.
10022909 1999 Mammalian staufen is a double-stranded-RNA- and tubulin-binding protein which localizes to the rough endoplasmic reticulum.
9973324 1999 Identification of 'tissue' transglutaminase binding proteins in neural cells committed to apoptosis.
9922135 1998 The microtubule-associated protein tau cross-links to two distinct sites on each alpha and beta tubulin monomer via separate domains.
9886087 1999 Interactions of the C terminus of metabotropic glutamate receptor type 1alpha with rat brain proteins: evidence for a direct interaction with tubulin.
9629920 1998 Two-dimensional electrophoretic analysis of mixed lineage kinase 2 N-terminal domain binding proteins.
9581762 1998 CRIPT, a novel postsynaptic protein that binds to the third PDZ domain of PSD-95/SAP90.
9553134 1998 Cortactin-Src kinase signaling pathway is involved in N-syndecan-dependent neurite outgrowth.
8856662 1996 Functionally distinct isoforms of dynactin are expressed in human neurons.
8706133 1996 Pathway leading to correctly folded beta-tubulin.
8700896 1996 Cloning, expression, and properties of the microtubule-stabilizing protein STOP.
8530437 1995 Interactions between the protein-tyrosine kinase ZAP-70, the proto-oncoprotein Vav, and tubulin in Jurkat T cells.
8462682 1993 Distribution of non-class-III beta-tubulin isoforms in neuronal and non-neuronal cells.
8325901 1993 Characterization of a 50-kDa polypeptide in cytoplasmic dynein preparations reveals a complex with p150GLUED and a novel actin.
8270253 1994 Presence of an expressed beta-tubulin gene (TUBB) in the HLA class I region may provide the genetic basis for HLA-linked microtubule dysfunction.
8103323 1993 Aldolase-tubulin interactions: removal of tubulin C-terminals impairs interactions.
7878030 1995 The p150Glued component of the dynactin complex binds to both microtubules and the actin-related protein centractin (Arp-1).
7744867 1995 Golgi retention mechanism of beta-1,4-galactosyltransferase. Membrane-spanning domain-dependent homodimerization and association with alpha- and beta-tubulins.
7556643 1995 A novel tau-tubulin kinase from bovine brain.
6688039 1983 Evolutionary history of a multigene family: an expressed human beta-tubulin gene and three processed pseudogenes.
3782288 1986 The mammalian beta-tubulin repertoire: hematopoietic expression of a novel, heterologous beta-tubulin isotype.
1629950 1992 Interferon-induced human protein MxA is a GTPase which binds transiently to cellular proteins.