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Tclin Tyrosine 3-monooxygenase

Plays an important role in the physiology of adrenergic neurons.

The protein encoded by this gene is involved in the conversion of tyrosine to dopamine. It is the rate-limiting enzyme in the synthesis of catecholamines, hence plays a key role in the physiology of adrenergic neurons. Mutations in this gene have been associated with autosomal recessive Segawa syndrome. Alternatively spliced transcript variants encoding different isoforms have been noted for this gene. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008]

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Property Summary

NCBI Gene PubMed Count 203
PubMed Score 2047.10
PubTator Score 1081.75

Knowledge Summary

Patent

No data available

TINX Plot

  Disease (8)

Disease Target Count
Pheochromocytoma 22
Disease Target Count Z-score Confidence
Type 1 diabetes mellitus 104 0.0 2.0
Disease Target Count Z-score Confidence
Parkinson's disease 364 7.65 3.8
Dystonia 77 0.0 4.0
Disease Target Count
Segawa syndrome autosomal recessive 1

Expression

  Differential Expression (4)

Disease log2 FC p
adrenocortical adenoma -1.768 1.4e-02
adrenocortical carcinoma -1.762 3.0e-04
interstitial cystitis -1.100 1.2e-03
aldosterone-producing adenoma -3.578 1.1e-02

Synonym

Accession P07101 B7ZL70 B7ZL73 Q0PWM2 Q0PWM3 Q15585 Q15588 Q15589 Q2M3B4
Symbols TYH
DYT14
DYT5b

Gene

TH

PDB

4J6S   2XSN  

  Ortholog (1)

Species Source Disease
Chimp OMA EggNOG

 UniProt Keyword (16)

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 GO Function (8)

 GO Component (13)

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 GO Process (58)

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 Compartment GO Term (93)

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 OMIM Phenotype (1)

 MGI Phenotype (13)

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 HCA RNA Cell Line (20)

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Pathway (36)

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Protein-protein Interaction (9)

KDM3B   MTFR2   ZBTB34   DNAJC12   MAP3K7   TAOK2   NFIC   TAB1   RELL1  

Drug (1)

Structure of metirosine

metirosine

Ligand (3)

Structure of CHEMBL330274

CHEMBL330274
pIC50 6.00

Structure of CHEMBL479789

CHEMBL479789
pIC50 6.14

Structure of CHEMBL225230

CHEMBL225230
pIC50 6.52

Gene RIF (179)

PMID Text
26732803 The data suggest that presence of a homozygous V81M polymorphism is associated with more severe freezing of gait in patients with Parkinson's disease
26498952 In high-risk metastatic Neuroblastoma, TH and DCX mRNA quantification could be used for the assessment of response to treatment and for early detection of progressive disease or relapses.
26386900 In this study we found that TH protein levels did not differ between control and schizophrenia groups in the nucleus accumbens.
26276013 The mutant tyrosine hydroxylase enzyme was unstable and exhibited deficient stabilization by catecholamines, leading to decline of brain tyrosine hydroxylase-immunoreactivity in the Th knock-in mice.
26220941 This study showed that a new tyrosine hydroxylase knock-in mouse model of l-DOPA-responsive dystonia.
25462571 Thus, the hTH-GFP reporter rat should be a valuable tool for Parkinson's disease research.
25418103 A detailed analysis of the interaction between singly or doubly phosphorylated human tyrosine hydroxylase isoform 1(1-50) peptides and 14-3-3zeta
24975687 the allelic frequency of the TH01 marker in 171 Swiss sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS) infants and 500 healthy and gender-matched Caucasian adults showed that the 9.3 allele is similarly distributed in SIDS cases and controls (27.2% vs. 25.6%; p-value = 0.562).
24947669 Proteomics analysis show that Ser40 of TH protein does not significantly contribute to the binding of 14-3-3gamma, and rather has reduced accessibility in the TH:14-3-3gamma complex.
24891139 Neurons of the substantia nigra from the Lesch-Nyhan disease cases show reduced melanization and reduced reactivity for tyrosine hydroxylase (TH), the rate-limiting enzyme in dopamine synthesis.
24417771 biosynthesis of catecholamine by the action of TH should be deeply involved in decreased intellectual ability in patients with schizophrenia
24334288 A297, E362/E365 and S368 of TH were shown to mediate high affinity dopamine inhibition through V(max) reduction and increasing the K(M) for the cofactor.
24301786 increased expression of TH and GAP43 might be a molecular mechanism for left atrial myoelectricity remodeling of aging atrial fibrillation patients, which might be potential therapeutic targets of atrial fibrillation.
24275212 Tyrosine hydroxylase polymorphisms contribute to attempted suicide in schizophrenia.
24168553 Data suggest that coordination of nitric oxide to Fe(II) in TyrH is directed by presence of tetrahydropterin at active site, binding in a fashion that may be important for directing first step of catalytic cycle toward hydroxylation of tyrosine.
24166412 Study found evidence that DNA variation in the ADRA2A gene may be causally related to ADHD-like behaviors, and for a novel association between a TH gene variant and intra-individual variability
24055376 The region surrounding pSer19 of Tyrosine hydroxylase adopts an extended conformation in the 14-3-3gamma-bound state, whereas adopts a bent conformation when free in solution.
23977047 Nurr1 overexpression significantly increased the SIRT1 occupancy of the consensus elements for Nurr1 binding hTH promoter region.
23762320 In 10 sporadic cases of dopa-responsive dystonia, only two heterozygous tyrosine hydroxylase mutations (Ser19Cys and Gly397Arg) were found in two subjects with unknown pathogenicity.
23647419 our studies have clearly identified a glucocorticoid-responsive element in a 7 bp AP-1-like motif in the promoter region at -7.24 kb of the human TH gene
23489065 In a South African cohort, Africans had a higher incidence of hypertension and higher occurrence of the C-824T TH mutation. However, the contribution of the tyrosine hydroxylase C-824T polymorphism to hypertension could not be confirmed.
23481708 In severe prolonged fetal hypoxia, there was a striking reduction or absence of tyrosine hydroxylase in all the mesencephalic nuclei.
23182718 Data indicate that the C-terminal domain was the immunodominant part of tryptophan hydroxylase TPH1, the epitopes of tryptophan hydroxylase TPH2 and tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) were mainly located in the N-terminal regulatory domains.
22815559 This study presented a THD family with predominant myoclonus-dystonia and a new genotype.
22691284 molecular analysis revealed two novel heterozygous mutations c.636A>C and c.1124G>C in the TH gene
22583432 This review discusses the current understandings on the genetic variants in TH and their correlations with Parkinson's disease.
22336227 Protein levels for tyrosine hydroxylase peaked during the first year of life then gradually declined to adulthood.
22292987 Achilles tendon tenocytes produce tyrosine hydroxylase.
22272358 Data show calbindin (CB)- and tyrosine hydroxylase (TH)-cells were distributed in the three striatal territories, and the density of calretinin (CR) and parvalbumin (PV) interneurons were more abundant in the associative and sensorimotor striatum.
22083667 mRNA expressions of AQP4 and TH were found to be reduced whereas that of PBP was found to be elevated when compared with those of healthy control samples
22066143 Human RXRalpha interacts with and represses Nurr1-dependent transcriptional activation in tyrosine hydroxylase (TH)-expressing dopaminergic neuronal stem cells in culture, downregulating TH promoter activity.
22001923 these results suggest that region-specific methylation and methyl-CpG binding domain proteins play important roles in TH gene regulation in neural stem cells.
21815951 data indicate that ligand-bound PR-B is recruited to DNA elements in the TH promoter and acts as a transcriptional activator of the TH gene
21656370 Data indicate that TH gene expression can be regulated by alpha-synuclein (alpha-SYN); further, interference with TH gene expression through elevated levels of alpha-SYN could be associated with dopaminergic neuronal dysfunction.
21407269 Data from samples of centenarians, nonagenarians and younger controls suggest that the TH01 STR locus exhibits no significant influence on the ability of attaining exceptional old age in Germans.
21392500 These results suggest that the phosphorylation of the N-terminal portion of TH regulates the degradation of this enzyme by the ubiquitin-proteasome pathway.
21368136 found that the MTA1/DJ1 complex is required for optimum stimulation of the tyrosine hydroxylase expression by paired like homeodomain transcription factor (Pitx3) homeodomain transcription factor
21265843 study confirms the existence of a significant association of the TH01 allele 9.3 as well as the TH01 locus genotype configuration and the occurrence of SIDS
21158937 TH is an antibody target in non-segmental but not in segmental vitiligo, and TH antibodies appear to be more frequent in patients with active vitiligo.
21087208 These data suggest that the intricate regulation characteristic of mammalian TH might have evolved from more simple models to adjust to the increasing complexity of the higher eukaryotes neuroendocrine systems.
21083670 Observational study of gene-disease association. (HuGE Navigator)
20938049 Human DJ-1-specific transcriptional activation of tyrosine hydroxylase gene.
20838244 The results of this study indicate that increased expression of Tyrosine hydroxylase in vasopressin neurons of SON is not developmentally determined but represents a response to hypoxic stress
20818075 There is no association between TH gene C-824T polymorphism and essential hypertension susceptibility in the Hunan Han population.
20818075 Observational study of gene-disease association. (HuGE Navigator)
20809526 We report a novel deletion of entire TH gene in an adult with Parkinson disease.
20809526 Observational study of gene-disease association. (HuGE Navigator)
20734064 Observational study of gene-disease association. (HuGE Navigator)
20706199 The C-824T SNP in the proximal TH promoter influences BP and prevalence of hypertension in the general population.
20706199 Observational study of gene-disease association. (HuGE Navigator)
20675101 Hsa-miR-132 and -212 were negatively correlated with TH in the prefrontal cortex of individuals affected with schizophrenia and bipolar disorders.
20646572 The tyrosine hydroxylase rs2070762 polymorphism was associated with the pathogenesis of pre-eclampsia.
20646572 Observational study of gene-disease association. (HuGE Navigator)
20628086 Observational study of gene-disease association, gene-environment interaction, and pharmacogenomic / toxicogenomic. (HuGE Navigator)
20602615 Observational study of gene-disease association. (HuGE Navigator)
20571875 Common variation in the proximal TH promoter is functional, giving rise to changes in autonomic function and consequently cardiovascular risk.
20564319 Meta-analysis of gene-disease association. (HuGE Navigator)
20468064 Observational study of gene-disease association. (HuGE Navigator)
20198643 patients with TH deficiency harboring the p.L236P mutation at homozygosity show a severe phenotype with an early clinical presentation.
20163778 Data show that a polymorphism of the BDNF gene is positively associated with depressive disorder, but no other significant associations of depressive disorder or metabolic syndrome were found with variants of MTHFR, eNOS, or tyrosine hydroxylase.
20163778 Observational study of gene-disease association. (HuGE Navigator)
20146650 Observational study of gene-disease association and gene-gene interaction. (HuGE Navigator)
20132525 These findings suggest that the (TCAT)(n) repeat polymorphism in the TH gene does not contribute to the personality traits evaluated on the TCI in healthy Japanese subjects.
20124442 The functional significance of C-824T and A-581G by cotransfection of trans-activating factors in cella; MEF2, SRY, and FOXD1 differentially activated C-824T, whereas the G/C-rich binding factors SP1, AP2, and EGR1 differentially activated A-581G.
20067853 TH, IL-1beta and TNF-alpha are overexpressed in the peripheral blood mononuclear cells of schizophrenia patients
20056467 We have identified eight novel mutations with 5 missense, 2 nonsense and 1 splicing mutations in the TH gene.
20046397 Observational study of gene-disease association, gene-environment interaction, and pharmacogenomic / toxicogenomic. (HuGE Navigator)
19958792 The present study thus suggests that the C-824T polymorphism in the TH gene promoter may affect the personality trait of novelty seeking in healthy males.
19958792 Observational study of gene-disease association. (HuGE Navigator)
19913121 Observational study of gene-disease association. (HuGE Navigator)
19874574 Observational study of gene-disease association. (HuGE Navigator)
19833152 Differential regulation of human tyrosine hydroxylase isoforms 1 and 2 in situ: Isoform 2 is not phosphorylated at Ser35.
19815691 Transfection of SHSY5Y neuroblastoma cells with tyrosine hydroxylase leads to the cells having an increased antioxidant capacity, improving their resistance against cell death induced by oxidative stressors.
19801645 analysis of the interaction between 14-3-3 proteins, the N-terminal region of tyrosine hydroxylase, and negatively charged membranes
19772578 Observational study of gene-disease association. (HuGE Navigator)
19767753 Observational study and meta-analysis of gene-disease association. (HuGE Navigator)
19761814 Our results suggest that the interaction of tyrosine hydroxylase and mutant torsinA may contribute to the phenotype and reported dopaminergic dysfunction in torsinA-mediated dystonia.
19703902 DJ-1-dependent activation of dopamine synthesis occurs through interaction of tyrosine hydroxylase and 4-dihydroxy-L-phenylalanine (L-DOPA) decarboxylase with DJ-1
19693267 Observational study of gene-disease association. (HuGE Navigator)
19674121 Observational study of gene-disease association and gene-gene interaction. (HuGE Navigator)
19604093 Observational study of gene-disease association and gene-gene interaction. (HuGE Navigator)
19491717 Observational study of gene-disease association. (HuGE Navigator)
19491146 Observational study of gene-disease association, gene-environment interaction, and pharmacogenomic / toxicogenomic. (HuGE Navigator)
19448984 Deletion of the N-terminus of TH removes the high affinity dopamine binding site but does not affect dopamine binding to the low affinity site; hence, the low affinity site is active in situ regardless of the phosphorylation status of Ser40.
19367319 Observational study and meta-analysis of gene-disease association. (HuGE Navigator)
19360691 Observational study of gene-disease association. (HuGE Navigator)
19352218 Observational study of gene-disease association. (HuGE Navigator)
19285077 SIRT1 regulates tyrosine hydroxylase expression and differentiation of neuroblastoma cells via FOXO3a.
19224593 Infantile hypokinetic-hypotonic syndrome due to two novel mutations of the tyrosine hydroxylase gene(p.Phe375Leu/p and Ser467Gly)
19221445 No strong evidence was found for the associations between personality and tyrosine or DOPA decarboxylase in comparing healthy and suicide attempted subjects
19221445 Observational study of gene-disease association and gene-environment interaction. (HuGE Navigator)
19189602 Susceptibility to schizophrenia depending on polymorphic allele variants in repetitive TCAT sequence in TH01 locus may be associated with the function of a regulatory element in the process of Tyrosine Hydroxylase gene transcription.
19189602 Observational study of gene-disease association. (HuGE Navigator)
19156168 Clinical trial of gene-disease association, gene-environment interaction, and pharmacogenomic / toxicogenomic. (HuGE Navigator)
19125082 High tyrosine hydroxylase expression is associated with Minimal residual disease in peripheral blood stem cell harvests from high-risk neuroblastoma.
19120120 Results suggest novel pathophysiological links between a key adrenergic locus, catecholamine metabolism via tyrosine hydroxylase, and blood pressure.
19120120 Observational study of gene-disease association. (HuGE Navigator)
18979915 There are statistically significant differences in tyrosine hydroxylase G334A locus between normal people and patients with mental disorders, but no statistically significant differences in C5162G locus.
18979915 Observational study of gene-disease association. (HuGE Navigator)
18814238 High expression of TH both in peripheral blood and bone marrow corresponds to metastatic neuroblastoma at diagnosis, residual disease, and poor outcome.
18583979 Meta-analysis of gene-disease association. (HuGE Navigator)
18574609 Data show that violent suicide victims reveal an increased number of tyrosine hydroxylase immunoreactive neurons compared with non-violent suicide victims and controls.
18554280 identified novel mutation in dopa-responsive dystonia is Gly216Ser in TH gene
18534229 A functional polymorphism in the tyrosine hydroxylase gene indicates a role of noradrenalinergic signaling in sudden infant death syndrome
18534229 Observational study of gene-disease association. (HuGE Navigator)
18343820 GDNF reverses this ethanol-mediated adaptation by inhibiting the interaction of tyrosine hydroxylase with HSP90
18270970 Observational study of genotype prevalence. (HuGE Navigator)
18208403 Observational study of gene-disease association. (HuGE Navigator)
18181650 Circular dichroism measurements showed that tyrosine hydroxylase isoform 1 is an unstructured protein with a low content of secondary structure and that neither phosphorylation nor the 14-3-3 protein binding changes its secondary structure
18085551 common genetic variants in the IGF2-INS-TH cluster modify susceptibility to idiopathic Parkinson's disease
18085551 Observational study of gene-disease association. (HuGE Navigator)
18058633 an early onset spastic paraplegia who later developed a progressive generalized dystonic-dyskinetic syndrome.
18023073 Observational study of gene-environment interaction and pharmacogenomic / toxicogenomic. (HuGE Navigator)
17988588 The mRNA expression levels of IL-1beta, TNF-alpha and TH was higher in paranoid schizophrenic patients than those in normal controls.
17985144 Reduced striatal tyrosine hydroxylase in incidental Lewy body disease.
17972051 Observational study of gene-disease association. (HuGE Navigator)
17972051 Tyrosine hydroxylase gene polymorphism is associated with gastric cancer
17948905 study does not support the involvement of tyrosine hydroxylase gene variants as major contributors to suicide, whereas dopa decarboxylase variants could mediate some features related to suicide and be involved in violent suicidal behavior
17948905 Observational study of gene-disease association. (HuGE Navigator)
17926059 Not all of the glomus cells in the carotid body express detectable TH levels either in normal or in some abnormal conditions
17869399 TH allele tended towards association with higher severity of suicidal behaviour in bipolar patient.
17784840 The extent of nestin-positive neuronal cells correlated with the appearance of tyrosine hydroxylase positive neurons.
17698732 Catecholamine secretion is influenced by genetic variation in the adrenergic pathway encoding catecholamine synthesis at the rate-limiting step, TH. which may suggest new strategies to approach diagnosis and treatment of hypertension.
17698383 Homozygous tyrosine hydroxylase gene promoter mutation is associated with encephalopathy
17520326 TH activity may be severely limited by oxygen availability even at moderate hypoxic conditions
17466074 Observational study of gene-disease association, gene-gene interaction, and pharmacogenomic / toxicogenomic. (HuGE Navigator)
17391063 Results demonstrate for the first time existence of hTH isoforms Delta2,8,9 & Delta1b,2,8,9. Their general distribution in neuroblastoma and adrenal glands and translation into protein suggest a significant functional role for these novel hTH isoforms.
17329957 Observational study of gene-disease association. (HuGE Navigator)
17195153 Chromatin remodeling might play a relevant role ine conferring tissue specific gene expression of the human tyrosine hydroxylate gene.
17194738 In human chromaffin cells, activation of CRF1 receptors induced tyrosine hydroxylase, whereas activation of CRF2 suppressed it.
17135716 The co-expression of GTP cyclohydrolase I (GCHI) with tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) indicates that TH is indeed active in human neurosecretory neurons.
17018139 Observational study of gene-disease association and gene-gene interaction. (HuGE Navigator)
16887311 Observational study of gene-disease association. (HuGE Navigator)
16764822 NRSF/REST functions as a repressor of TH transcription in NSCs via a mechanism dependent on the TH NRSE/RE1 sites.
16741719 Meta-analysis of gene-disease association. (HuGE Navigator)
16731528 DJ-1 transcriptionally up-regulates the human tyrosine hydroxylase by inhibiting the sumoylation of pyrimidine tract-binding protein-associated splicing factor
16644734 hierarchical phosphorylation provides a mechanism whereby the two major human TH isoforms (1 and 2) can be differentially regulated with only isoform 1 responding to the ERK pathway, whereas isoform 2 is more sensitive to calcium-mediated events
16643317 Observational study of genotype prevalence. (HuGE Navigator)
16636198 Observational study of gene-disease association and gene-gene interaction. (HuGE Navigator)
16516890 Presence is demonstrated, in normal adult mouse dorsal root ganglia, of a distinct subpopulation of tyrosine hydroxylase-positive, essentially calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP)- and isolectin B4 (IB4)-negative small/medium-sized neurons.
16447258 demonstrated that these cells possess tyrosinase as well as L-tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) activity and synthesize melanosomes
16445854 L-DOPA is produced by ectopically expressing tyrosine hydroxylase in mouse albino retinal pigment epithelium cells.
16360899 Observational study of gene-disease association. (HuGE Navigator)
16344718 Observational study of gene-disease association. (HuGE Navigator)
16252282 TH gene expression in neuronal progenitor cells does not depend on Nurr1 and a better understanding may have implications for the development of novel therapeutic approaches and the pathogenesis of neurological illnesses.
16251897 Observational study of gene-disease association. (HuGE Navigator)
16139102 Observational study of gene-disease association. (HuGE Navigator)
15953356 The CpG-rich sequence located outside the 5' promoter region of the human tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) gene appears to influence the functional effect of the adjacent intronic HUMTH01 microsatellite.
15898085 High stability hTH1 mutants can be generated by the loss of a PEST motif in their N-termini and the structural change in the catalytic domain, which would promise an efficient production of dopamine in mammalian cells expressing N-terminus deleted hTH1.
15744773 Human TH minimal promoters may provide opportunity for selection of TH-positive human embryonic and adult stem cells for brain transplantation experiments in animal models for Parkinson's disease.
15736042 choroid contains abundant NPY and TH nerve fibers related to chroroidal vascular structures
15735319 Observational study of gene-disease association. (HuGE Navigator)
15722952 Observational study of gene-disease association. (HuGE Navigator)
15722952 Val-81-Met polymorphism of tyrosine hydroxylase may have a role in early-onset alscoholism.
15476168 The mutation rate of TH gene in Chinese patients with AR-DRD is low, hence suggesting the genetic heterogeneity and a new locus for autosomal recessive dopa-responsive dystonia.
15468323 Physiological effects of four mutations (T245P, T283M, R306H, T463M) in human TyrH that cause a mild form of DOPA-responsive dystonia are primarily due to the decreased stability of the mutant proteins rather than decreases in their intrinsic activities.
15303408 Observational study of gene-disease association. (HuGE Navigator)
15135070 the denatured state properties of the AAAHs (TH, TPH and PAH) contribute significantly to the stability of these enzymes and their tolerance towards missense mutations
15077008 Observational study of gene-disease association. (HuGE Navigator)
15077008 tyrosine hydroxylase polymorphism is associated with Tobacco Use Disorder
14749349 Observational study of gene-disease association and gene-gene interaction. (HuGE Navigator)
14739699 Observational study of gene-disease association. (HuGE Navigator)
14651989 These data suggest that the repressor element may play an important role in neuron cell-specific expression of the tyrosine hydroxylase gene.
14651963 In summary, our results provide a novel regulatory frame in which modulation of chromatin structure by histone deacetylase may contribute to transcriptional regulation of the tyrosine hydroxylase.
12891655 tyrosine hydroxylase deficiency results not in predominating dystonia, a largely nondegenerative condition, but in a progressive often lethal neurometabolic disorder, which can be improved but not cured by L-dopa
12782971 This study does not support the involvement of tyrosine hydroxylase, catechol-O-methyl transferase and Wolfram syndrome 1 polymorphisms in mood disorders.
12759555 Observational study of gene-disease association. (HuGE Navigator)
12631248 results support a direct function for tyrosine hydroxylase in the melanosome via a concerted action with tyrosinase to promote pigmentation.
12610512 Observational study of gene-disease association. (HuGE Navigator)
12576454 Gene expression is a sensitive and semiquantitative marker for minimal residual disease detection of neuroblastoma
12571119 Tyrosine hydroxylase neurons constitute a subpopulation of non-pyramidal cells that are morphologically and neurochemically heterogenous.
12527603 Observational study of gene-disease association. (HuGE Navigator)
12457228 The ultrastsructural localization of this enzyme in human BPMCs is regulated by cell stimulation and related to the functional activity of the enzyme.
12428766 A review of investigations on the possible contribution and potential role of the TYH microsatellite HUMTH01 in neuropathological conditions represents an example of approaches needed to validate genetic targets in the post-genomic era.
12358785 Gene expression found upregulated by Glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor in human neuroblastoma cell lines
12113410 Observational study of gene-disease association. (HuGE Navigator)
11738155 Observational study of gene-disease association. (HuGE Navigator)
11326301 Observational study of gene-disease association. (HuGE Navigator)
10660577 In vivo injection of HIV-1 Tat into the striatum of rats caused a loss of tyrosine hydroxylase positive neurons, which may contribute to the explanation of the pathogenesis of the motorial abnormalities often reported in HIV-1 seropositive individuals

AA Sequence 

MPTPDATTPQAKGFRRAVSELDAKQAEAIMVRGQGAPGPSLTGSPWPGTAAPAASYTPTPRSPRFIGRRQ      1 - 70
SLIEDARKEREAAVAAAAAAVPSEPGDPLEAVAFEEKEGKAVLNLLFSPRATKPSALSRAVKVFETFEAK     71 - 140
IHHLETRPAQRPRAGGPHLEYFVRLEVRRGDLAALLSGVRQVSEDVRSPAGPKVPWFPRKVSELDKCHHL    141 - 210
VTKFDPDLDLDHPGFSDQVYRQRRKLIAEIAFQYRHGDPIPRVEYTAEEIATWKEVYTTLKGLYATHACG    211 - 280
EHLEAFALLERFSGYREDNIPQLEDVSRFLKERTGFQLRPVAGLLSARDFLASLAFRVFQCTQYIRHASS    281 - 350
PMHSPEPDCCHELLGHVPMLADRTFAQFSQDIGLASLGASDEEIEKLSTLYWFTVEFGLCKQNGEVKAYG    351 - 420
AGLLSSYGELLHCLSEEPEIRAFDPEAAAVQPYQDQTYQSVYFVSESFSDAKDKLRSYASRIQRPFSVKF    421 - 490
DPYTLAIDVLDSPQAVRRSLEGVQDELDTLAHALSAIG                                    491 - 528
//

Text Mined References (215)

PMID Year Title
26732803 2016 The V81M variant of tyrosine hydroxylase is associated with more severe freezing of gait in Parkinson's disease.
26498952 2016 TH and DCX mRNAs in peripheral blood and bone marrow predict outcome in metastatic neuroblastoma patients.
26386900 2015 Uncovering the role of the nucleus accumbens in schizophrenia: A postmortem analysis of tyrosine hydroxylase and vesicular glutamate transporters.
26276013 2015 Brain catecholamine depletion and motor impairment in a Th knock-in mouse with type B tyrosine hydroxylase deficiency.
26220941 2015 A new knock-in mouse model of l-DOPA-responsive dystonia.
25462571 2014 The hTH-GFP reporter rat model for the study of Parkinson's disease.
25418103 2014 Dissection of binding between a phosphorylated tyrosine hydroxylase peptide and 14-3-3zeta: A complex story elucidated by NMR.
25102180 2014 Meta-analysis of genome-wide association studies in African Americans provides insights into the genetic architecture of type 2 diabetes.
24975687 2014 Tyrosine hydroxylase TH01 9.3 allele in the occurrence of sudden infant death syndrome in Swiss Caucasians.
24947669 2014 Phosphorylation dependence and stoichiometry of the complex formed by tyrosine hydroxylase and 14-3-3?.
24891139 2014 Loss of dopamine phenotype among midbrain neurons in Lesch-Nyhan disease.
24753243 2014 Functional studies of tyrosine hydroxylase missense variants reveal distinct patterns of molecular defects in Dopa-responsive dystonia.
24740154 2014 Genome-wide association scan for variants associated with early-onset prostate cancer.
24417771 2014 Functional polymorphism (C-824T) of the tyrosine hydroxylase gene affects IQ in schizophrenia.
24334288 2014 Catalytic domain surface residues mediating catecholamine inhibition in tyrosine hydroxylase.
24301786 2013 Expression of tyrosine hydroxylase and growth-associated protein 43 in aging atrial fibrillation patients of Xinjiang Uygur and Han nationality.
24275212 2014 The role of tyrosine hydroxylase gene variants in suicide attempt in schizophrenia.
24168553 2013 Pulsed EPR study of amino acid and tetrahydropterin binding in a tyrosine hydroxylase nitric oxide complex: evidence for substrate rearrangements in the formation of the oxygen-reactive complex.
24166412 2014 Alpha-2A adrenergic receptor gene variants are associated with increased intra-individual variability in response time.
24055376 2014 The N-terminal sequence of tyrosine hydroxylase is a conformationally versatile motif that binds 14-3-3 proteins and membranes.
23977047 2013 Nurr1 represses tyrosine hydroxylase expression via SIRT1 in human neural stem cells.
23939262 2011 A novel compound heterozygous tyrosine hydroxylase mutation (p.R441P) with complex phenotype.
23936387 2013 A possible mechanism behind autoimmune disorders discovered by genome-wide linkage and association analysis in celiac disease.
23762320 2013 GTP cyclohydrolase I and tyrosine hydroxylase gene mutations in familial and sporadic dopa-responsive dystonia patients.
23647419 2013 Evolutionary conservation of an atypical glucocorticoid-responsive element in the human tyrosine hydroxylase gene.
23489065 2013 The contribution of the C-824T tyrosine hydroxylase polymorphism to the prevalence of hypertension in a South African cohort: the SABPA study.
23481708 2013 Vulnerability of the mesencephalic dopaminergic neurons of the human neonate to prolonged perinatal hypoxia: an immunohistochemical study of tyrosine hydroxylase expression in autopsy material.
23182718 2013 Autoantibodies against aromatic amino acid hydroxylases in patients with autoimmune polyendocrine syndrome type 1 target multiple antigenic determinants and reveal regulatory regions crucial for enzymatic activity.
22815559 2012 Myoclonus-dystonia syndrome due to tyrosine hydroxylase deficiency.
22691284 2012 Novel mutations in the tyrosine hydroxylase gene in the first Czech patient with tyrosine hydroxylase deficiency.
22583432 2012 Tyrosine hydroxylase gene: another piece of the genetic puzzle of Parkinson's disease.
22336227 2012 Developmental changes in human dopamine neurotransmission: cortical receptors and terminators.
22292987 2013 Alpha-2 adrenergic stimulation triggers Achilles tenocyte hypercellularity: Comparison between two model systems.
22272358 2012 Distribution of GABAergic interneurons and dopaminergic cells in the functional territories of the human striatum.
22264700 2012 Tyrosine hydroxylase deficiency in Taiwanese infants.
22083667 2012 Peripheral assessment of the genes AQP4, PBP and TH in patients with Parkinson's disease.
22066143 2010 Retinoid X receptor ? acts as a negative regulator in Nurr1-induced dopaminergic differentiation in rat neural precursor cells.
22001923 2011 Expression of tyrosine hydroxylase is epigenetically regulated in neural stem cells.
21940685 2012 A new tyrosine hydroxylase genotype associated with early-onset severe encephalopathy.
21815951 2011 Differential and interactive effects of ligand-bound progesterone receptor A and B isoforms on tyrosine hydroxylase promoter activity.
21656370 2011 Interference of alpha-synuclein with cAMP/PKA-dependent CREB signaling for tyrosine hydroxylase gene expression in SK-N-BE(2)C cells.
21407269 2011 Association of TH01 with human longevity revisited.
21392500 2011 Phosphorylation of the N-terminal portion of tyrosine hydroxylase triggers proteasomal digestion of the enzyme.
21368136 2011 Multiple coregulatory control of tyrosine hydroxylase gene transcription.
21265843 2011 Significant association of TH01 allele 9.3 and SIDS.
21158937 2011 Autoantibodies against tyrosine hydroxylase in patients with non-segmental (generalised) vitiligo.
21087208 2011 Divergence in enzyme regulation between Caenorhabditis elegans and human tyrosine hydroxylase, the key enzyme in the synthesis of dopamine.
21083670 2011 Limited associations of dopamine system genes with alcohol dependence and related traits in the Irish Affected Sib Pair Study of Alcohol Dependence (IASPSAD).
20938049 2010 Human DJ-1-specific transcriptional activation of tyrosine hydroxylase gene.
20838244 2010 Increased expression of tyrosine hydroxylase in the supraoptic nucleus of the human neonate under hypoxic conditions: a potential neuropathological marker for prolonged perinatal hypoxia.
20818075 2010 [Genetic polymorphism in tyrosine hydroxylase gene and essential hypertension in Hunan Han population].
20809526 2010 A rare novel deletion of the tyrosine hydroxylase gene in Parkinson disease.
20734064 2010 A large-scale candidate gene association study of age at menarche and age at natural menopause.
20706199 2010 Tyrosine hydroxylase polymorphism (C-824T) and hypertension: a population-based study.
20675101 2010 MicroRNA expression profiling in the prefrontal cortex of individuals affected with schizophrenia and bipolar disorders.
20646572 2010 [Study of follicle-stimulating hormone receptor and tyrosine hydroxylase polymorphisms and pre-eclampsia in Chinese Han population].
20628086 2010 Variation at the NFATC2 locus increases the risk of thiazolidinedione-induced edema in the Diabetes REduction Assessment with ramipril and rosiglitazone Medication (DREAM) study.
20602615 2010 Physiogenomic analysis of statin-treated patients: domain-specific counter effects within the ACACB gene on low-density lipoprotein cholesterol?
20571875 2010 Human tyrosine hydroxylase natural allelic variation: influence on autonomic function and hypertension.
20564319 2010 Prostate cancer risk-associated variants reported from genome-wide association studies: meta-analysis and their contribution to genetic Variation.
20468064 2010 Association study of 182 candidate genes in anorexia nervosa.
20430833 2010 Tyrosine hydroxylase deficiency: a treatable disorder of brain catecholamine biosynthesis.
20198643 2010 Tyrosine hydroxylase deficiency in three Greek patients with a common ancestral mutation.
20163778 2010 Polymorphisms of genes for brain-derived neurotrophic factor, methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase, tyrosine hydroxylase, and endothelial nitric oxide synthase in depression and metabolic syndrome.
20146650 2010 Association analysis between gene variants of the tyrosine hydroxylase and the serotonin transporter in borderline personality disorder.
20132525 2010 No association between polymorphism in tyrosine hydroxylase and personality traits in healthy Japanese subjects.
20124442 2010 Human tyrosine hydroxylase natural genetic variation: delineation of functional transcriptional control motifs disrupted in the proximal promoter.
20067853 2010 Tyrosine hydroxylase, interleukin-1beta and tumor necrosis factor-alpha are overexpressed in peripheral blood mononuclear cells from schizophrenia patients as determined by semi-quantitative analysis.
20056467 2010 Biochemical and molecular characterization of tyrosine hydroxylase deficiency in Hong Kong Chinese.
20046397 2009 Association between Antipsychotics-Induced Restless Legs Syndrome and Tyrosine Hydroxylase Gene Polymorphism.
19958792 2010 Association study between a functional polymorphism of tyrosine hydroxylase gene promoter and personality traits in healthy subjects.
19913121 2009 Gene-centric association signals for lipids and apolipoproteins identified via the HumanCVD BeadChip.
19874574 2009 Genetical genomic determinants of alcohol consumption in rats and humans.
19833152 2009 Differential regulation of human tyrosine hydroxylase isoforms 1 and 2 in situ: Isoform 2 is not phosphorylated at Ser35.
19815691 2010 Expression of tyrosine hydroxylase increases the resistance of human neuroblastoma cells to oxidative insults.
19801645 2009 Three-way interaction between 14-3-3 proteins, the N-terminal region of tyrosine hydroxylase, and negatively charged membranes.
19772578 2009 Two-stage case-control association study of dopamine-related genes and migraine.
19767753 2009 Identification of seven new prostate cancer susceptibility loci through a genome-wide association study.
19761814 2009 Mutant torsinA interacts with tyrosine hydroxylase in cultured cells.
19703902 2009 Oxidative status of DJ-1-dependent activation of dopamine synthesis through interaction of tyrosine hydroxylase and 4-dihydroxy-L-phenylalanine (L-DOPA) decarboxylase with DJ-1.
19693267 2009 Financial and psychological risk attitudes associated with two single nucleotide polymorphisms in the nicotine receptor (CHRNA4) gene.
19674121 2009 Examination of tetrahydrobiopterin pathway genes in autism.
19604093 2009 Genetic polymorphisms, their allele combinations and IFN-beta treatment response in Irish multiple sclerosis patients.
19491717 2009 Tyrosine hydroxylase Val81Met polymorphism: lack of association with schizophrenia.
19491146 2009 Exhaustive analysis of BH4 and dopamine biosynthesis genes in patients with Dopa-responsive dystonia.
19448984 2009 The low affinity dopamine binding site on tyrosine hydroxylase: the role of the N-terminus and in situ regulation of enzyme activity.
19367319 2009 Human longevity and 11p15.5: a study in 1321 centenarians.
19360691 2008 Examination of association to autism of common genetic variationin genes related to dopamine.
19352218 2009 Candidate gene analysis in an on-going genome-wide association study of attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder: suggestive association signals in ADRA1A.
19285077 2009 SIRT1 regulates tyrosine hydroxylase expression and differentiation of neuroblastoma cells via FOXO3a.
19224593 2009 Infantile hypokinetic-hypotonic syndrome due to two novel mutations of the tyrosine hydroxylase gene.
19221445 2009 Tyrosine hydroxylase and DOPA decarboxylase gene variants in personality traits.
19189602 [Association of the tyrosine hydroxylase gene polymorphism with schizophrenia in the population of central Poland].
19156168 2009 Pharmacogenetics of antipsychotic response in the CATIE trial: a candidate gene analysis.
19125082 2009 Minimal residual disease in peripheral blood stem cell harvests from high-risk neuroblastoma patients.
19120120 2008 Adrenergic polymorphism and the human stress response.
18979915 2008 [The association of tyrosine hydroxylase gene polymorphism with mental disorder].
18814238 2008 mRNAs of tyrosine hydroxylase and dopa decarboxylase but not of GD2 synthase are specific for neuroblastoma minimal disease and predicts outcome for children with high-risk disease when measured at diagnosis.
18583979 2008 Systematic meta-analyses and field synopsis of genetic association studies in schizophrenia: the SzGene database.
18574609 2008 Tyrosine hydroxylase immunoreactivity in the locus coeruleus is elevated in violent suicidal depressive patients.
18554280 2008 Molecular analyses of GCH-1, TH and parkin genes in Chinese dopa-responsive dystonia families.
18534229 2008 A functional polymorphism in the tyrosine hydroxylase gene indicates a role of noradrenalinergic signaling in sudden infant death syndrome.
18343820 2008 Glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor reverses ethanol-mediated increases in tyrosine hydroxylase immunoreactivity via altering the activity of heat shock protein 90.
18270970 2008 Worldwide genetic variation in dopamine and serotonin pathway genes: implications for association studies.
18208403 2008 A functional intronic variant in the tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) gene confers risk of essential hypertension in the Northern Chinese Han population.
18181650 2008 The 14-3-3 protein affects the conformation of the regulatory domain of human tyrosine hydroxylase.
18085551 2008 Haplotype analysis of the IGF2-INS-TH gene cluster in Parkinson's disease.
18058633 2007 Tyrosine hydroxylase deficiency presenting with a biphasic clinical course.
18023073 2008 Influence of the tyrosine hydroxylase val81met polymorphism and catechol-O-methyltransferase val158met polymorphism on the antidepressant effect of milnacipran.
17988588 2007 [The mRNA expression levels of IL-1beta, TNF-alpha and tyrosine hydroxylase in peripheral blood of paranoid schizophrenic patients].
17985144 2008 Reduced striatal tyrosine hydroxylase in incidental Lewy body disease.
17972051 2007 Association of gastric cancer with tyrosine hydroxylase gene polymorphism in a northwestern Chinese population.
17948905 2008 Dopa decarboxylase and tyrosine hydroxylase gene variants in suicidal behavior.
17926059 2007 Up-regulation of IL-1 receptor type I and tyrosine hydroxylase in the rat carotid body following intraperitoneal injection of IL-1beta.
17869399 2008 Power based association analysis (PBAT) of serotonergic and noradrenergic polymorphisms in bipolar patients with suicidal behaviour.
17784840 2007 Neurospheres derived from human embryoid bodies treated with retinoic Acid show an increase in nestin and ngn2 expression that correlates with the proportion of tyrosine hydroxylase-positive cells.
17698732 2007 Tyrosine hydroxylase, the rate-limiting enzyme in catecholamine biosynthesis: discovery of common human genetic variants governing transcription, autonomic activity, and blood pressure in vivo.
17698383 2007 A homozygous tyrosine hydroxylase gene promoter mutation in a patient with dopa-responsive encephalopathy: clinical, biochemical and genetic analysis.
17696123 2007 Mutations in the cyclic adenosine monophosphate response element of the tyrosine hydroxylase gene.
17520326 2008 Oxygen dependence of tyrosine hydroxylase.
17466074 2007 Genetic polymorphisms in dopamine-related genes and smoking cessation in women: a prospective cohort study.
17391063 2007 Characterisation of novel splicing variants of the tyrosine hydroxylase C-terminal domain in human neuroblastic tumours.
17329957 2006 No evidence of an association between tyrosine hydroxylase gene polymorphisms and suicide victims.
17195153 2007 Transcription and epigenetic profile of the promoter, first exon and first intron of the human tyrosine hydroxylase gene.
17194738 2007 Corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF) and the urocortins differentially regulate catecholamine secretion in human and rat adrenals, in a CRF receptor type-specific manner.
17135716 2006 Co-expression of tyrosine hydroxylase and GTP cyclohydrolase I in arginine vasopressin-synthesizing neurons of the human supraoptic nucleus demonstrated by laser microdissection and real-time PCR.
17018139 2006 No association of DRD2, DRD3, and tyrosine hydroxylase gene polymorphisms with personality traits in the Japanese population.
16887311 2006 Will genetic polymorphism of tetranucleotide sequences help in the diagnostics of major psychiatric disorders?
16764822 2006 Regulation of human tyrosine hydroxylase gene by neuron-restrictive silencer factor.
16741719 2006 Meta-analysis shows association between the tryptophan hydroxylase (TPH) gene and schizophrenia.
16731528 2006 DJ-1 transcriptionally up-regulates the human tyrosine hydroxylase by inhibiting the sumoylation of pyrimidine tract-binding protein-associated splicing factor.
16644734 2006 Differential regulation of the human tyrosine hydroxylase isoforms via hierarchical phosphorylation.
16643317 2006 Low frequency of Parkin, Tyrosine Hydroxylase, and GTP Cyclohydrolase I gene mutations in a Danish population of early-onset Parkinson's Disease.
16636198 2006 Association study with 33 single-nucleotide polymorphisms in 11 candidate genes for hypertension in Chinese.
16554811 2006 Human chromosome 11 DNA sequence and analysis including novel gene identification.
16516890 2006 Tyrosine hydroxylase is expressed in a subpopulation of small dorsal root ganglion neurons in the adult mouse.
16447258 2006 Human glioblastoma ADF cells express tyrosinase, L-tyrosine hydroxylase and melanosomes and are sensitive to L-tyrosine and phenylthiourea.
16445854 2006 Ectopic expression of tyrosine hydroxylase in the pigmented epithelium rescues the retinal abnormalities and visual function common in albinos in the absence of melanin.
16360899 2006 Combined analysis of association between personality traits and three functional polymorphisms in the tyrosine hydroxylase, monoamine oxidase A, and catechol-O-methyltransferase genes.
16344718 2006 A study of TH01 and IGF2-INS-TH haplotypes in relation to smoking initiation in three independent surveys.
16338639 2005 The assays of activities and function of TH, AADC, and GCH1 and their potential use in ex vivo gene therapy of PD.
16252282 2006 Tyrosine hydroxylase gene regulation in human neuronal progenitor cells does not depend on Nurr1 as in the murine and rat systems.
16251897 2006 Replication of IGF2-INS-TH*5 haplotype effect on obesity in older men and study of related phenotypes.
16139102 2005 DNA polymorphisms in the tyrosine hydroxylase and GNB3 genes: association with unexpected death from acute myocardial infarction and increased heart weight.
16049992 2005 Pre- and postnatal diagnosis of tyrosine hydroxylase deficiency.
15953356 2005 The tissue-specific methylation of the human tyrosine hydroxylase gene reveals new regulatory elements in the first exon.
15898085 2005 Deletion of N-terminus of human tyrosine hydroxylase type 1 enhances stability of the enzyme in AtT-20 cells.
15747353 2005 Levodopa-responsive infantile parkinsonism due to a novel mutation in the tyrosine hydroxylase gene and exacerbation by viral infections.
15744773 2005 Characterization of five evolutionary conserved regions of the human tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) promoter: implications for the engineering of a human TH minimal promoter assembled in a self-inactivating lentiviral vector system.
15736042 2005 NPY and TH innervation in human choroidal whole-mounts.
15735319 2005 TH01, a tetrameric short tandem repeat locus in the tyrosine hydroxylase gene: association with myocardial hypertrophy and death from myocardial infarction?
15722952 2005 Tyrosine hydroxylase Val-81-Met polymorphism associated with early-onset alcoholism.
15505183 2004 Long-term course of L-dopa-responsive dystonia caused by tyrosine hydroxylase deficiency.
15489334 2004 The status, quality, and expansion of the NIH full-length cDNA project: the Mammalian Gene Collection (MGC).
15476168 2004 [TH gene mutation in Chinese patients with autosomal recessive dopa-responsive dystonia].
15468323 2005 Effects of mutations in tyrosine hydroxylase associated with progressive dystonia on the activity and stability of the protein.
15303408 2004 IDDM2 and the polymorphism of the human tyrosine hydroxylase (hTH) gene in African Americans with type-1 diabetes.
15135070 2004 Different stabilities and denaturation pathways for structurally related aromatic amino acid hydroxylases.
15077008 2004 Nicotine dependence in a prospective population-based study of adolescents: the protective role of a functional tyrosine hydroxylase polymorphism.
14749349 2004 Haplotypic analyses of the IGF2-INS-TH gene cluster in relation to cardiovascular risk traits.
14739699 2004 Association between dependent smoking and a polymorphism in the tyrosine hydroxylase gene in a prospective population-based study of adolescent health.
14651989 2003 Cloning and cell type-specific regulation of the human tyrosine hydroxylase gene promoter.
14651963 2003 Regulation of the tyrosine hydroxylase gene promoter by histone deacetylase inhibitors.
12952878 2003 Global haplotype diversity in the human insulin gene region.
12891655 2003 Tyrosine hydroxylase deficiency causes progressive encephalopathy and dopa-nonresponsive dystonia.
12782971 2003 Multicentre Italian family-based association study on tyrosine hydroxylase, catechol-O-methyl transferase and Wolfram syndrome 1 polymorphisms in mood disorders.
12759555 2003 VNTR polymorphism of tyrosine hydroxylase gene and schizophrenia in the Korean population.
12631248 2003 Tyrosine hydroxylase isoenzyme I is present in human melanosomes: a possible novel function in pigmentation.
12610512 2003 Polymorphism of the insulin gene is associated with increased prostate cancer risk.
12576454 2003 Real-time analysis of tyrosine hydroxylase gene expression: a sensitive and semiquantitative marker for minimal residual disease detection of neuroblastoma.
12571119 2003 Different populations of tyrosine-hydroxylase-immunoreactive neurons defined by differential expression of nitric oxide synthase in the human temporal cortex.
12527603 2003 Polymorphisms of the tyrosine hydroxylase gene in subjects susceptible to high-altitude pulmonary edema.
12493595 2003 New splicing variants for human Tyrosine Hydroxylase gene with possible implications for the detection of minimal residual disease in patients with neuroblastoma.
12477932 2002 Generation and initial analysis of more than 15,000 full-length human and mouse cDNA sequences.
12457228 2002 Ultrastructural localization of tyrosine hydroxylase in human peripheral blood mononuclear cells: effect of stimulation with phytohaemagglutinin.
12428766 Post-genomic era and gene discovery for psychiatric diseases: there is a new art of the trade? The example of the HUMTH01 microsatellite in the Tyrosine Hydroxylase gene.
12358785 2002 Glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor up-regulates the expression of tyrosine hydroxylase gene in human neuroblastoma cell lines.
12113410 2002 Association between tyrosine hydroxylase polymorphisms and left ventricular structure in young normotensive men.
11943812 2002 A role for alpha-synuclein in the regulation of dopamine biosynthesis.
11834745 2002 Peroxynitrite-induced nitration of tyrosine hydroxylase: identification of tyrosines 423, 428, and 432 as sites of modification by matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry and tyrosine-scanning mutagenesis.
11738155 2001 Low insulin resistance and preserved beta-cell function contribute to human longevity but are not associated with TH-INS genes.
11359875 2001 Interaction of phosphorylated tyrosine hydroxylase with 14-3-3 proteins: evidence for a phosphoserine 40-dependent association.
11326301 2001 Exon 3 of tyrosine hydroxylase gene: lack of association with Japanese schizophrenic patients.
11246459 2000 Four novel mutations in the tyrosine hydroxylase gene in patients with infantile parkinsonism.
11196107 2000 Tyrosine hydroxylase deficiency unresponsive to L-dopa treatment with unusual clinical and biochemical presentation.
10907721 1999 Specific localization of the guanosine triphosphate (GTP) cyclohydrolase I-immunoreactivity in the human brain.
10660577 2000 HIV-1 Tat-mediated inhibition of the tyrosine hydroxylase gene expression in dopaminergic neuronal cells.
10585338 1999 Biochemical and molecular genetic characteristics of the severe form of tyrosine hydroxylase deficiency.
10391209 1999 Characterization of single-nucleotide polymorphisms in coding regions of human genes.
9920892 1999 A human tyrosine hydroxylase isoform associated with progressive supranuclear palsy shows altered enzymatic activity.
9754624 1998 Systematic search for variations in the tyrosine hydroxylase gene and their associations with schizophrenia, affective disorders, and alcoholism.
9703425 1998 A common point mutation in the tyrosine hydroxylase gene in autosomal recessive L-DOPA-responsive dystonia in the Dutch population.
9613851 1998 Association study of structural mutations of the tyrosine hydroxylase gene with schizophrenia and Parkinson's disease.
8889548 1996 Normalization and subtraction: two approaches to facilitate gene discovery.
8817341 1996 Recessively inherited L-DOPA-responsive parkinsonism in infancy caused by a point mutation (L205P) in the tyrosine hydroxylase gene.
8528210 1995 Recessively inherited L-DOPA-responsive dystonia caused by a point mutation (Q381K) in the tyrosine hydroxylase gene.
8101641 1993 Four isoforms of tyrosine hydroxylase are expressed in human brain.
7814018 1995 A point mutation in the tyrosine hydroxylase gene associated with Segawa's syndrome.
7789962 1995 Frequent sequence variant in the human tyrosine hydroxylase gene.
7715703 1995 Targeted disruption of the tyrosine hydroxylase gene reveals that catecholamines are required for mouse fetal development.
6150037 1984 Phosphorylation of tyrosine hydroxylase by calmodulin-dependent multiprotein kinase.
6137760 1983 Tyrosine hydroxylase regulation in the central nervous system.
2905129 1988 Characterization of rat and human tyrosine hydroxylase genes: functional expression of both promoters in neuronal and non-neuronal cell types.
2902075 1988 Structure of the human tyrosine hydroxylase gene: alternative splicing from a single gene accounts for generation of four mRNA types.
2896667 1988 Expression of human tyrosine hydroxylase cDNA in invertebrate cells using a baculovirus vector.
2892893 1988 Analysis of the 5' region of the human tyrosine hydroxylase gene: combinatorial patterns of exon splicing generate multiple regulated tyrosine hydroxylase isoforms.
2892528 1987 Isolation and characterization of the human tyrosine hydroxylase gene: identification of 5' alternative splice sites responsible for multiple mRNAs.
2888085 1987 Isolation of a full-length cDNA clone encoding human tyrosine hydroxylase type 3.
2887169 1987 Isolation of a novel cDNA clone for human tyrosine hydroxylase: alternative RNA splicing produces four kinds of mRNA from a single gene.
2882428 1987 A single human gene encoding multiple tyrosine hydroxylases with different predicted functional characteristics.
2872999 1986 Localization of the human tyrosine hydroxylase gene to 11p15: gene duplication and evolution of metabolic pathways.
1973163 1990 Phosphorylation of tyrosine hydroxylase in situ at serine 8, 19, 31, and 40.
1680128 1991 Phosphorylation of human recombinant tyrosine hydroxylase isoforms 1 and 2: an additional phosphorylated residue in isoform 2, generated through alternative splicing.
1347949 1992 ERK1 and ERK2, two microtubule-associated protein 2 kinases, mediate the phosphorylation of tyrosine hydroxylase at serine-31 in situ.
33381 1978 Direct phosphorylation of brain tyrosine hydroxylase by cyclic AMP-dependent protein kinase: mechanism of enzyme activation.